UNESCO is the lead UN Agency for promoting freedom of expression and safety of journalists as part of its mandate to “promote the free flow of ideas by word and image”.
Understanding Journalist Safety in Thailand
With regards to the physical dimension, news organizations in Thailand always follow the rules, especially ones related to government regulations to avoid the effects and punishment in terms of laws and social sanctions. During Covid-19, the government regulated for citizens’ safety. Moreover, many organizations related to the journalists such as Thai Journalists Association and Nation Union of Journalists provided guidelines and trainings for journalists about safety. However, there are some areas that are dangerous for Thai journalists’ safety because of problems of insurgency in southern border provinces. Second, for the psychology dimension, since the data and questionnaires were related to working during Covid-19, many Thai journalists were concerned about their safety and the future of their jobs. Also, consumers’ behaviours and technology changes are the crucial factors that affect many news organizations’ shutdowns. Many journalists were laid off, their salaries were reduced, and they received no bonus while the industry’s competition still needs high ratings to struggle with organizational survival. However, there are opportunities for the journalists at the same time. Many journalists launched online news agencies and there are many online news agencies. Also, there are more citizen journalists and stringers. Third, there is the digital dimension. Although Thai people rank among the top of the world for online media use., some of them lack literacy and understanding of the laws and regulations related to work (for example, Defamation Law and computer law acts). Also, there are no clear online responsibility regulations for the journalists. Moreover, Thai people have faced private data leaks that make journalists concerned too. Finally, with regards to the financial dimension, clearly, Thai journalists are faced with low income because of many factors such as the re-structure and shut down of news organizations. However, the data showed that Thai journalists have second jobs (e.g., guest speakers, business owners, and food delivery). Also, connections are very important for Thai journalists in terms of working and second jobs. They applied for many courses or high-level educations to gain knowledge, better skills, and more connections.
Safety Dimensions
This radar chart displays how the country performs across all four safety dimensions, revealing areas of strength and concern.
Gender Safety Gap
This comparison highlights differences in safety experiences between male and female journalists, revealing potential gender-based disparities.
Physical Safety
The physical dimension carries 50% weight in the safety index. Read the methodology in full.
Journalist Killings (35% weight in physical dimension)
This figure represents the total number of journalist killings in Thailand between 2016 and 2024.
Data sourced from UNESCO Observatory of Killed Journalists.
Note: This indicator carries 35% of the weight within the physical dimension of the Safety Index, making it the most significant factor in this category.
Responses to: "I am concerned about my physical wellbeing" (20% weight in physical dimension)
Responses to: "In the last five years, how often have you experienced any of the following actions related to your work as a journalist?"
Arrests, detentions or imprisonment (15% weight in physical dimension)
Sexual assault or sexual harassment (15% weight in physical dimension)
Other physical attacks (15% weight in physical dimension)
Abductions (did not contribute to calculation)
Office raids or seizures or damage of equipment (did not contribute to calculation)
Being required to work in an environment where COVID-19 had easily spread (did not contribute to calculation)
Psychological Safety
The psychological dimension carries 25% weight in the safety index. Read the methodology in full.
Responses to: "I am concerned about my emotional wellbeing" (20% weight in psychological dimension)
Responses to: "In the last five years, how often have you experienced any of the following actions related to your work as a journalist?"
Demeaning or hateful speech directed at you (16% weight in psychological dimension)
Public discrediting of your work (16% weight in psychological dimension)
Legal actions against you because of your work (16% weight in psychological dimension)
Stalking (16% weight in psychological dimension)
Other threats or intimidation directed at you (16% weight in psychological dimension)
Coercion (did not contribute to calculation)
Questioning of your personal morality (did not contribute to calculation)
Workplace bullying (did not contribute to calculation)
Intimidation that targets your family or close associates (did not contribute to calculation)
Digital Safety
The digital dimension carries 12.5% weight in the safety index. Read the methodology in full.
Responses to: "In the last five years, how often have you experienced any of the following actions related to your work as a journalist?"
Surveillance (50% weight in digital dimension)
Hacking or blocking of social media accounts or websites (50% weight in digital dimension)
Others using your byline for fabricated or manipulated stories (did not contribute to calculation)
Others disseminating your personal information (did not contribute to calculation)
Financial Safety
The financial dimension carries 12.5% weight in the safety index. Read the methodology in full.
Responses to: "I am worried about losing my job in journalism within the next 12 months" (20% weight in financial dimension)
Responses to: "Which of the following categories best describes your current working situation as a journalist?" (20% weight in financial dimension)
Responses to "Approximately what percentage of your overall work-related income comes from your work as a journalist?" (20% weight in financial dimension)
Responses to: "How many hours a week on average do you work as a journalist?" (20% weight in financial dimension)
Responses to: "In which of the following categories does your salary as a journalist fall?" (20% weight in financial dimension)
Demographics
This section contains demographic information about survey respondents from Thailand.
Coming soon
Demographic information about survey respondents will be available in a future update.